DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT MOLECULER DETECTION OF BLOODSTREAM INFECTION
Abstrak
Pemeriksaan untuk mendiagnosis sepsis atau infeksi darah dilakukan melalui kultur darah, namun metode ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti waktu inkubasi yang agak lama. Oleh karena itu, penulis telah menyusun tinjauan literatur ini untuk menelusuri lebih dalam potensi dan tantangan dari diagnosis molekuler untuk infeksi darah atau sepsis berdasarkan temuan penelitian sebelumnya. Metode Tinjauan Literatur ini dilakukan menggunakan basis data elektronik termasuk beberapa basis data seperti Google Scholar, PubMed, dan Semantic Scholar. Berdasarkan penelitian, penulis mendapatkan 8 jurnal yang dibahas dalam jurnal ini. Deteksi molekuler memiliki potensi fungsi di masa depan, namun penelitian tentang batasan metode dan optimalisasi metode PCR untuk mendeteksi patogen dalam darah memerlukan investigasi lebih lanjut.
Referensi
Ackerman, M. H., Ahrens, T., Kelly, J., & Pontillo, A. (2021). Sepsis. Critical Care Nursing Clinics, 33(4), 407–418.
Acquier, M., Zabala, A., de Précigout, V., Delmas, Y., Dubois, V., de la Faille, R., Rubin, S., Combe, C., M’Zali, F., & Kaminski, H. (2023). Performance of real-time PCR in suspected haemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infection: A proof-of-concept study. Clinical Kidney Journal, 16(3), 494–500.
Ahmad, A., Iram, S., Hussain, S., & Yusuf, N. W. (2017). Diagnosis of paediatric sepsis by automated blood culture system and conventional blood culture. Yeast, 5, 3.
AlQahtani, H., Alqahtani, F. Y., Aleanizy, F. S., Baloch, S., & Tabb, D. (2021). Impact of Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus Species in Positive Blood Culture Using GeneXpert Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/ Staphylococcus aureus Blood Culture Assay Combined with Antibiotic Stewardship. Microbial Drug Resistance. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0347
Cheng, M. P., Stenstrom, R., Paquette, K., Stabler, S. N., Akhter, M., Davidson, A. C., Gavric, M., Lawandi, A., Jinah, R., & Saeed, Z. (2019). Blood culture results before and after antimicrobial administration in patients with severe manifestations of sepsis: A diagnostic study. Annals of internal medicine, 171(8), 547–554.
Dubourg, G., & Raoult, D. (2016). Emerging methodologies for pathogen identification in positive blood culture testing. Expert review of molecular diagnostics, 16(1), 97–111.
Fuchs, S., Lass-Flörl, C., & Posch, W. (2019). Diagnostic performance of a novel multiplex PCR assay for candidemia among ICU patients. Journal of Fungi, 5(3), 86.
Gotts, J. E., & Matthay, M. A. (2016). Sepsis: Pathophysiology and clinical management. Dalam BMJ (Vol. 353, hlm. i1585).
Gupta, E., Saxena, J., Kumar, S., Sharma, U., Rastogi, S., Srivastava, V. K., Kaushik, S., & Jyoti, A. (2023). Fast track diagnostic tools for clinical management of sepsis: Paradigm shift from conventional to advanced methods. Diagnostics, 13(2), 277.
Gyawali, B., Ramakrishna, K., & Dhamoon, A. S. (2019). Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 2050312119835043. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119835043
Harris, E. S., & Rondina, M. T. (2016). Pathogenesis of sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Dalam Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (hlm. 387–437). CRC Press.
İstanbullu, K., Köksal, N., Çetinkaya, M., Özkan, H., Yakut, T., Karkucak, M., & Doğan, H. (2019). The potential utility of real-time PCR of the 16S-rRNA gene in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 61(4).
Jones, J., Sanasi-Bhola, K., Al-Hasan, M. N., Reihart, L., Justo, J. A., & Bookstaver, P. B. (2022). Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection in an immunocompromised host with discordant multiplex polymerase chain reaction and conventional blood culture results: A case report. Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 9, 20499361221138446.
Kern, W. V., & Rieg, S. (2020). Burden of bacterial bloodstream infection—A brief update on epidemiology and significance of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(2), 151–157.
Maneg, D., Sponsel, J., Müller, I., Lohr, B., Penders, J., Madlener, K., & Hunfeld, K.-P. (2016). Advantages and limitations of direct PCR amplification of bacterial 16S-rDNA from resected heart tissue or swabs followed by direct sequencing for diagnosing infective endocarditis: A retrospective analysis in the routine clinical setting. BioMed research international, 2016.
McCarthy, M. W., & Walsh, T. J. (2016). PCR methodology and applications for the detection of human fungal pathogens. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 16(9), 1025–1036.
Nieman, A. E., Savelkoul, P. H. M., Beishuizen, A., Henrich, B., Lamik, B., MacKenzie, C. R., Kindgen-Milles, D., Helmers, A., Diaz, C., Sakka, S. G., & Schade, R. P. (2016). A prospective multicenter evaluation of direct molecular detection of blood stream infection from a clinical perspective. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 314. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1646-4
Peker, N., Couto, N., Sinha, B., & Rossen, J. W. (2018). Diagnosis of bloodstream infections from positive blood cultures and directly from blood samples: Recent developments in molecular approaches. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(9), 944–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.007
Pliakos, E. E., Andreatos, N., Shehadeh, F., Ziakas, P. D., & Mylonakis, E. (2018). The Cost-Effectiveness of Rapid Diagnostic Testing for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections with or without Antimicrobial Stewardship. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 31(3), 10.1128/cmr.00095-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00095-17
Purba, A. K. R., Mariana, N., Aliska, G., Wijaya, S. H., Wulandari, R. R., Hadi, U., Nugroho, C. W., van der Schans, J., & Postma, M. J. (2020). The burden and costs of sepsis and reimbursement of its treatment in a developing country: An observational study on focal infections in Indonesia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 211–218.
Rudd, K. E., Johnson, S. C., Agesa, K. M., Shackelford, K. A., Tsoi, D., Kievlan, D. R., Colombara, D. V., Ikuta, K. S., Kissoon, N., Finfer, S., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Machado, F. R., Reinhart, K. K., Rowan, K., Seymour, C. W., Watson, R. S., West, T. E., Marinho, F., Hay, S. I., … Naghavi, M. (2020). Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet (London, England), 395(10219), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7
Sanli, O., Özdemir, M., Feyzioğlu, B., & Baykan, M. (2016). Research on Diagnostic Value of Real-Time PCR in comparison with culture method to detect agents for sepsis. Advances in Clinical and Medical Microbiology. 2016; 2: 1, 6.
Scheer, C. S., Fuchs, C., Gründling, M., Vollmer, M., Bast, J., Bohnert, J. A., Zimmermann, K., Hahnenkamp, K., Rehberg, S., & Kuhn, S.-O. (2019). Impact of antibiotic administration on blood culture positivity at the beginning of sepsis: A prospective clinical cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(3), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.016
Shin, J., Shina, S., Jung, S.-H., Park, C., Cho, S.-Y., Lee, D.-G., & Chung, Y.-J. (2021). Duplex dPCR system for rapid identification of gram-negative pathogens in the blood of patients with bloodstream infection: A culture-independent approach.
Sun, D., Zhou, X., Liu, C., Zhu, J., Ru, Y., Liu, W., & Liu, J. (2021). Fnr Negatively Regulates Prodigiosin Synthesis in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 During Aerobic Fermentation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.734854
Sun, J., Zhao, S., Wei, C., Liu, J., Chen, J., Xing, L., Yan, H., Zhang, Y., Bai, R., & Zhang, Z. (2022). A diagnostic test of real-time PCR detection in the diagnosis of clinical bloodstream infection. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 11(10), 3224–3230.
Tjandra, K. C., Ram-Mohan, N., Abe, R., Hashemi, M. M., Lee, J.-H., Chin, S. M., Roshardt, M. A., Liao, J. C., Wong, P. K., & Yang, S. (2022). Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections: An Evolution of Technologies towards Accurate and Rapid Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Antibiotics, 11(4), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040511
Tkadlec, J., Peckova, M., Sramkova, L., Rohn, V., Jahoda, D., Raszka, D., Berousek, J., Mosna, F., Vymazal, T., & Kvapil, M. (2019). The use of broad-range bacterial PCR in the diagnosis of infectious diseases: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(6), 747–752.
Trung, N. T., Thau, N. S., Bang, M. H., & Song, L. H. (2019). PCR-based Sepsis@ Quick test is superior in comparison with blood culture for identification of sepsis-causative pathogens. Scientific reports, 9(1), 13663.
Váradi, L., Luo, J. L., Hibbs, D. E., Perry, J. D., Anderson, R. J., Orenga, S., & Groundwater, P. W. (2017). Methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria: Past, present, and future. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(16), 4818–4832.
Walker, B., Powers-Fletcher, M. V., Schmidt, R. L., & Hanson, K. E. (2016). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Multiplex PCR with Magnetic Resonance Detection versus Empiric or Blood Culture-Directed Therapy for Management of Suspected Candidemia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 54(3), 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02971-15
Wojno, K. J., Baunoch, D., Luke, N., Opel, M., Korman, H., Kelly, C., Jafri, S. M. A., Keating, P., Hazelton, D., & Hindu, S. (2020). Multiplex PCR based urinary tract infection (UTI) analysis compared to traditional urine culture in identifying significant pathogens in symptomatic patients. Urology, 136, 119–126.
Yuniar, I., Karyanti, M. R., Kurniati, N., & Handayani, D. (2023). The clinical and biomarker approach to predict sepsis mortality in pediatric patients. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 63(1), 37–44.
Zauli, D. A. G. (2019). PCR and infectious diseases. Synthetic Biology-New Interdisciplinary Science, 137–145.
Zboromyrska, Y., Cillóniz, C., Cobos-Trigueros, N., Almela, M., Hurtado, J. C., Vergara, A., Mata, C., Soriano, A., Mensa, J., & Marco, F. (2019). Evaluation of the MagicplexTM Sepsis real-time test for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections in adults. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 9, 56.
Zhu, H., Zhang, H., Xu, Y., Laššáková, S., Korabečná, M., & Neužil, P. (2020). PCR past, present and future. Biotechniques, 69(4), 317–325.