FURTHER THEORIZING ON THE CONCEPT OF REGIONNESS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN ENSURING REGIONAL CONVERGENCE
Abstrak
Makalah ini akan membahas kemungkinan untuk memperkuat teori regionness melalui konsep modal sosial. Topik ini menjadi semakin mendesak untuk dibahas mengingat adanya tren stagnasi pada proyek regionalisme di seluruh dunia dan kurangnya pembahasan aspek sosial dalam regionalisme. Berdasarkan teori Björn Hettne and Fredrik Söderbaum tentang regionness, meningkatnya intensitas interaksi sosial di tingkat akar rumput akan memfasilitasi terciptanya entitas baru yang mereka sebut dengan istilah negara kawasan. Namun, teori ini menjadi bermasalah karena terlalu bergantung pada asumsi bahwa interaksi sosial akan selalu mengarah pada konvergensi. Sebagaimana terbukti pada kasus Brexit, interaksi sosial terkadang juga dapat menyebabkan divergensi dan keruntuhan dari proyek regionalisme itu sendiri. Makalah ini berargumen bahwa konsep modal sosial dapat menjadi elemen yang melengkapi teori ini. Makalah ini berargumen bahwa modal sosial, yang merupakan sumber daya tak berwujud yang tercipta melalui interaksi sosial, akan dapat meningkatkan derajat regionness dari suatu kawasan. Lebih lanjut, makalah ini juga akan membuka kemungkinan untuk mengikutsertakan studi sosiologi, yakni teori pemahaman sosial, untuk melengkapi teori regionness dan modal sosial. Makalah ini menyimpulkan bahwa regionness merupakan modal sosial yang dibawa ke tingkat kawasan sebagai upaya bersama menciptakan sistem tata kelola baru yang tidak dapat dibayangkan oleh individu mana pun seorang diri.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Referensi
Ágopcsa, Réka. "Discourse in the United Kingdom on EU immigration: Analysis of Prime Minister David Cameron's political language on EU immigrants between 2010 and 2015" in Corvinus Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2017).
Aguilar, James P. & Soma Sen. "Comparing Conceptualizations of Social Capital" in Journal of Community Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2009), pp. 424-443.
Balasaa, Bela. The Theory of Economic Integration. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Bastari, Gema Ramadhan. “Regionalisme Isu Lingkungan Asia Tenggara (1977-2000)” in Journal of International Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2016), pp. 42-60
Börzel, Tanja. A. & Thomas Risse. “Introduction” in The Oxford handbook of comparative regionalism, by T. A. Börzel and T. Risse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, by J. Richardson. New York: Greenwood, 1986.
Corthay, Erich. “The ASEAN Doctrine of Non-Interference in Light of the Fundamental Principle of Non-Intervention" in Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 17, No.2 (2016), pp. 1-41.
Dilokwongpong, Na-Khwannwalai. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community: an Ideal Model of a Socio-Cultural Cosmopolitan Community. Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2012.
Falk, Richard. “Resisting ‘globalisation‐from‐above’ through ‘globalisation‐from‐below’” in New Political Economy, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1997), pp. 17-24.
Farrel, Mary. "The Global Politics of Regionalism: An Introduction" in Global Politics of Regionalism: Theory and Practice, edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne & Luk Van Langenhove. London: Pluto Press, 2005.
Fawcett, Louise. “Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism” in International Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 3 (2004), pp. 429-446.
Fawn, Rick. "Regions and Their Study: Wherefrom, What for and Whereto?" in Review of International Studies, Vol. 35 (2009), pp. 5-34.
Ferragina, Emanuele & Alessandro Arrigoni, "The Rise and Fall of Social Capital: Requiem for a Theory?" in Political Studies Review (2016), pp. 1-13.
Fukuyama, Francis. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. New York: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Heinonen, Hannu. Regional Integration and the State : The Changing Nature of Sovereignty in Southern Africa and Europe. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 2006.
Hettne, Björn & Fredrik Söderbaum. “Theorizing the Rise of Regionness” in New Political Economy, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2000), pp. 457-472.
Hettne, Björn. "The Fate of Citizenship in Post-Westphalia" in Citizenship Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2000), pp. 35-46.
Hettne, Björn. "Neo-Mercantilism: The Pursuit of Regionness" in Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 28 (1993), pp. 211-232.
Hettne, Björn. "Security and Peace in Post-Cold War Europe" in Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, No. 3 (1991), pp. 279-294.
Hettne, Björn. "The New Regionalism Revisited" In Theories of New Regionalism, by Fredrik Söderbaum & Timothy M. Shaw. New York: Palgrave, 2003.
Hettne, Björn. “The New Regionalism: A Prologue” in Globalism and the New Regionalism, edited by Björn Hettne, Andras Inotai and Osvaldo Sunkel. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1999.
Hodges, Bert H. "Rethinking conformity and imitation: divergence, convergence, and social understanding" in Frontiers in Psychology (2014).
Hurrel, Andrew. "Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world politics" Review of International Studies, Vol. 21. No. 4 (1995), pp. 331-358.
Hurrel, Andrew. "Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective" in Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organisation and International Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Iinuma, Takeko. "ASEAN and its Regional Integration from the Perspective of "Regionness" in 専修大学社会科学研究所月報 (2014).
Kayaogly, Turan. “Westphalian Eurocentrism in International Relations Theory” in International Studies Review, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2010), pp. 193-217.
Kim, Hae. “Regionalism, Globalization and Economic Development in the World” in Overcoming the Crisis: Economic and Financial Developments in Asia and Europe, by Štefan Bojnec, Josef C. Brada & Masaaki Kuboniwa. Koper: University of Primorska Press, 2012.
Lapavitsas, Costas. "The financialization of capitalism" in City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, Vol. 17, No. 6 (2013), pp. 792-805.
Law, Alex & Gerry Mooney. "The Maladies of Social Capital I: The Missing 'Capital' in Theories of Social Capital" in Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, Vol. 34, No.2 (2006), pp. 127-143.
Mittelman, James. "Rethinking the New Regionalism in the Context of Globalisation" in Globalism and the New Regionalism, edited by Björn Hettne, Andras Inotai and Osvaldo Sunkel. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1999.
Nye, Joseph. "Patterns and catalysts in regional integration" in International Organization, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1965), pp. 870-884.
Ohmae, Kenichi. End of Nation-State: The Rise of Regional Economics. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1995.
Payne, Anthony. "Globalization and Modes of Regionalist Governance" in The Global Transformations Reader; An Introduction to the Globalisation Debate, edited by David held and Anthony McGrew. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003.
Prieto, Germán Camilo. "How does regionalism unfold? Discussing the relationships of constitution and causation between identity and institutions" in OASIS, No. 17 (2012), pp. 7-37.
Riggirozzi, Pia. "Region, Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis" in New Political Economy, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2011), pp. 421-443.
Russet, Bruce Martin. International regions and the international system: A study in political. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1967.
Schmitt-Egner, Peter. "The Concept of Region: Theoritical and Methodological and Notes on its Reconstruction" in Journal of European Integration, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2002), pp. 179-200.
Slocum, Nikki & Luk Van Langenhove. “Identity and Regional Integration” in Global Politics of Regionalism: Theory and Practice, edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne and Luk Van Langenhove. London: Pluto Press, 2005.
Smith, Stephen Samuel & Jessica Kulynych. "It May Be Social, But Why Is It Capital? The Social Construction of Social Capital and the Politics of Language" in Politics & Society, Vol. 30 No. 1 (2002), pp. 149-186.
Söderbaum, Fredrik. "Introduction: Theories of New Regionalism" in Theories of New Regionalism: a Palgrave Reader, edited by Fredrik Söderbaum and Timothy M. Shaw. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Söderbaum, Fredrik. “Rethinking Regions and Regionalism” in Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013), pp. 9-18.
Stiglitz, Joseph. The Euro and Its Threat to the Future of Europe. London: Penguin Books, 2017.
Yeon, Kim Soo, Edward Mansfield, & Helen Milner. 2016. "Regional trade governance." In The Oxford handbook of comparative regionalism, by T. A. Börzel & T. Risse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Website
Aishch, Gregor, Adam Pearce & Bryant Rousseau. “How Far is Europe Swinging to the Right?” in New York Times (2017), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016 /05/22/world/europe/ europe-right-wing-austria-hungary.html., accessed on 27 September 2017.
Meredith, Sam. “EU disintegration? Here’s the probability of France’s far right ending the largest civilization project of the 20th century,” in CNBC (2 August 2017), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/31/eu-disintegration-heres-the-probability-of-frances-far-right-ending-the-largest-civilization-project-of-the-20th-century.html accessed on 27 September 2017.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc-sa4.footer##
